Genetic Factors And Its Effects On The Silk Road - 763 Words

Prevalence of BD is higher in geographical areas along the Silk Road, covering the region from the Mediterranean through the Far East. Prevalence studies in Turkey revealed that the prevalence of BD varied between 20 and 421 per 100 000 in adults with a higher frequency detected in Anatolia compared to Europe [12]. BD is considered as both autoimmune disease and autoinflammatory disorder. It is thought that common environmental factors play a role in development of BD, however it is suggested that onset of disease occurs only in genetically predisposed individuals. Genetic factors have been scrutinized widely in BD. Familial aggregation studies in patients with BD suggest a strong genetic background and intricate inheritance model.†¦show more content†¦MIF is a pro-inflammatory cytokine reported to be related with the pathophysiology of several inflammatory reactions. MIF is largely expressed component of the immune system that is produced in response to various stimuli su ch as lipopolysaccharide (via toll-like receptor-4, TLR-4), pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-ÃŽ ± and INF-ÃŽ ³, and hypoxia [18]. MIF then up-regulates the expression of TLR-4, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and plays a role as a cofactor for the activation of T-cells. Research has shown that MIF levels are increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [19], systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [20], insulin resistance [21], and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [22]. All these disorders are associated with persistent inflammation, it is crucial to search for elucidating the role of MIF in pathogenesis of the disease. Furthermore, an elevated MIF concentration was found in the serum and in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and neuro-Behà §et [23]. Also, the mean MIF levels in the sera of the patients with Behà §et uveitis and iridocyclitis was found to be higher than those of healthy control subjects [24, 25]. Also, it was reported that the mean s erum level of MIF in patients with BD was higher in patients with BD than in healthy controls [26, 27]. Variants in promoter have an impact on the basal and/or inducedShow MoreRelatedThe Transformation Of Collective Learning898 Words   |  4 Pagesexchange and therefor increasing the ability for collective learning. The establishment of trade between these civilisations opened up more possibilities for the exchange of information and technology, one of these was the establishment of the Silk Road a network of trade routes linking the east Eurasia with the west. Theses series of trade routes linked most of the known world of the time and allowed new technologies and information to be shared more effectively. Additionally the use of messengersRead More Eating Disorders and Alcohol Abuse Essay2965 Words   |  12 Pagessubstantiating a correlation between these two behavioral and addictive disorders. Alcoholism affects nearly 14 million United States citizens (http://silk.nih.gov/ silk/niaaa1/publication/booklet.htm ). The four basic elements of this disease include a craving for, loss of control over, physical dependence on, and tolerance to alcohol (http://silk.nih.gov/silk/niaaa1/publication/booklet.htm). Unfortunately, there is no cure for alcoholism, although various forms of treatment have become available. Eating disordersRead MoreAgriculture and Technology6502 Words   |  27 Pagesincreased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming (and similar practices applied to the chicken) have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal cruelty and the health effects of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production. The major agriculturalRead MoreThe Effects of Overpopulation Consumption Essay3165 Words   |  13 Pagessmall groups. If a population is small, consumption is at a low rate. If a population is large, consumption rates are high. When consumption rates are high resources tend to be depleted faster. Many factors go into determining population size and the consumption rate of a population. Some of the factors include fertility rates, age expectancy, technological advances, immigration, and environmental conditions. Whether this is favorable to the planet or not, consumption is influenced dramatically byRead MoreSocial Behavior Among Monkeys May Be More Nature Than Nurture5979 Words   |  24 Pagesof inheritability of social behavior traits among non-human primates has important implications for people as it reinforces other research that suggests that such characteristics as sociability and impulsive aggressiveness among humans may have a genetic basis, said Dario Maestripieri, Asso ciate Professor in Human Development at the University. The work with monkeys may help other researchers understand the biological origins of characteristics that promote socialization among humans, he said. HisRead MoreMineral Resources18511 Words   |  75 PagesTimber extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people b. Water Resources: Use and over-utilisation of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams – benefits and problems. c. Mineral Resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies. 16 20 20 22 22 23 26 30 32 d. Food Resources: World food problems, Changes in landuse by agriculture and grazing, Effects of modern agriculture, Fertilizer/ pesticideRead MoreThe Marijuana Growers Guide9909 Words   |  40 Pages2] Chemical Insecticides [16.3] Common Pests [16.4] Vertebrate Pests [16.5] Flowering, Breeding and Propagation Genetics and Sex in Cannabis [17] Flowering [17.2] Sexual Variants in Cannabis [17.3] Sexing the Plants [17.4] SinsemillaRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 PagesTheory, which claims that human behavior is exclusively determined by genetics and heredity. At birth, a persons behavior is already formed and determined by his genetic structure. The above-mentioned environmental forces he encounters later on in life have no influence on his behavior.[25] Over the last few decades, there has been an increase in scholars that neither support the Blank Slate doctrine, nor do they solely promote genetics and heredity as the determinant of human behavior. These academicsRead MoreAn Introduction to Hydrophonics and Controlled Environment Agriculture40110 Words   |  161 PagesIntroduction to Hydroponics and Controlled Environment Agriculture by Patricia A. Rorabaugh, Ph.D. University of Arizona Controlled Environment Agriculture Center 1951 E. 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I Am Voting For Dr. Jill Stein Essay - 1175 Words

I decided that I am voting for Dr. Jill Stein because I believe she has the most compelling argument regarding climate change in the United States. I will not be voting for Donald Trump because his ideas are not plausible. I firmly believe climate change is an extreme threat that needs to be taken seriously. If we keep ignoring it and do not take the necessary actions needed, the environment is going to suffer. Trump has made claims before that this is a hoax, when there is clear scientific evidence saying that our planet is being abused. Is this really the man you want running our country? If he seems not to care about something this important, what else is he going to ignore? Stein s views on the environment and climate change are very clear. She states she would want the government to pass laws and regulations to prevent any future climate changes. Stein believes that this is a real issue. She is not trying to hide the problem and avoid the conversation. She wants to tackle it head on and try to prevent it from further harming our planet and I completely agree with her. This is such an important issue that needs everyone s attention. We only get one planet, so we need to help preserve it. She also states she wants to help protect the earth for our future generations. She is not just thinking about the present, but also the future and I find that extremely admirable. This country needs a leader that is going to take the initiative to not only better us nationally, butShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................................. 144 Seeking a Second Opinion ............................................................................................................ 147 Trust Me, I Know It on Good Authority ..................................................................................... 149 Suspending Belief...................................................................................................................Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesreferences. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed

Critical Analysis of The Business Strategies Free Essays

Offensive and defensive strategies are by products or results of the corporate strategies. A corporate strategy is a comprehensive set of activities developed by top management to aid an organization achieve its corporate objectives. Involving all parts of an organization, these strategies consider both internal and external environments. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of The Business Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the name suggests these strategies are aimed at placing the organization in a ‘attack mode’ of sorts. Organizations employing such strategies generally believe in acting before their opponent. Such strategies are usually achieved through internal growth, though some like mergers and acquisition, etc are external. Concentration on a single product or service The firm chooses to specialize in a single product, product line, or service. It plans to do one thing with great effectiveness and efficiency. This specialization allows an organization to do whatever it does extremely well, perhaps even better than other organizations. Used mostly by small organizations, it reduces the amount of resources required and as such is a low risk strategy. However, it ties up all of the firm’s resources on a single product, service, or product line. The firm’s success and growth is dependent entirely on that particular product with nothing to fall back on were that product to fail. Also, coupled with the facts that this strategy limits an organization’s growth and opportunities, it can be considered a high-risk strategy as well. E.g. a company deciding to specialize only in the production and distribution of a particular brand of chocolate will find their chances for growth and profits tied inexorably with the market acceptance of that chocolate. Failure of the product will spell doom for the company. Despite these pitfalls, the concentration strategy has nevertheless borne fruit for organizations like Holiday Inns. Considered one of the largest hotel chains in the world with 1800inns, Holiday Inns have achieved unparalleled success by focusing on the hospitality industry. Put plainly concentric diversification is said to be when a firm originally concentrating on one specific product, service, or product line decides to add related products or services to its already existing retinue. These new products or services are added internally (i.e. it can be a management decision) or may be acquired through acquisitions. A good example is Cadbury. Though initially focusing on biscuits, the company today has an impressive line-up that includes not only biscuits, but also chocolates and ice cream as well. One of the major reasons why companies choose to follow such a strategy is the potential for faster growth, and the lure of establishing a diverse if related product line. This ensures that if one product were to fail, there would still be something to fall back on. Vertical integration occurs when one firm acquires another that is involved either in an earlier stage of the production process (backward integration) or a later stage of the production process (forward integration). The firm that is acquired usually follows the same line of business as that of the parent company. While backward integration will give the firm more control over the quality and quantity of its raw materials, forward integration will ensure that the firm’s products will enjoy a good demand. This occurs when a firm decides to branch out and add products or services that are unrelated to its existing products and services. Conglomerate diversification can occur through acquisitions or it may be based on management decisions. The purpose in employing such a strategy is to increase sales and earnings, spread risks, or in the case of acquisitions simply to make an attractive investment. An example is the heavy vehicles and industrial equipment manufacturer Caterpillar, who have branched out into the production of boots and accessories. A merger involves combining the operations of two companies to form a new and unified organization. Acquisitions on the other hand is the taking over of another firm but allowing the acquired firm to function as a independent division or subsidiary of the acquiring firm. The main aim of this strategy is to achieve growth both in sales and earnings, which it does more quickly than any internal strategies. An accurate example would be the recent merger of carmakers Chrysler and Mercedes Benz. An example of acquisition would be BMW’s takeover of Rolls Royce. Joint venture is when two or more firms combine resources to accomplish a task that an individual firm could not have done alone, or to do a job more efficiently. Considered as a means to implement a strategy rather than a strategy, joint ventures offer a way for organizations to undertake projects and spread any risks as well as operate more efficiently. General Motor’s collaboration with Toyota is an example of a joint venture. Usually adopted by companies, who follow a wait and watch attitude, these strategies nevertheless help an organization achieve a good foothold in the market. Reducing the scope of operations or activities to improve effectiveness and efficiency is retrenchment. Organizations adopting such a strategy generally believe that making the organization more effective and efficient will give it a better chance to return to a higher level of profitability. In some cases a firm may simply cut costs, reduce personnel, etc, but will decide to maintain all its current line of business, whereas, in extreme cases a firm may decide to get rid of certain product lines or services. Divestment is when a firm spins off or sells segments of its operations. The main reasons for such a situation to arise are: a firm may have acquired another firm that either interferes or does not contribute to its current organization mission, a segment may not be functioning satisfactorily enough to justify the resources invested in it, or the segment might be earning a profit but the management decides its resources are better utilized elsewhere. Stopping the decline in a firm’s performance and bringing a return to successful performance involves turnaround. It combines a defensive strategy (retrenchment or divestment) with a growth strategy. The turnaround of Chrysler Corporation in early 1980’s from a failing enterprise to a successful one is a good example. Usually a last resort strategy, it involves selling or disposing of the organization assets. The entire organization or only part of it may be sold. It occurs when turnaround was a failure or may not have been viable. Undertaken mainly to provide the stockholders a return on their investment, it is one of the most unpleasant strategies. The various offensive and defensive strategies are not separate, and are used in complement with one another. Most firms employ a variation or a mixture of the various strategies. The only important factor is deciding which strategy will better suit the conditions presently being faced by the firm. How to cite Critical Analysis of The Business Strategies, Essay examples

Corporate Finance for Grain Corp Limited - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Finance for Grain Corp Limited. Answer: Miler and Modigliani has depicted into their study that a firm must not announce the entire profit as dividend. Firms are required to retain all the profits for further investment. Information content hypothesis depict that the firms top level management and board of directors of the firm known various private knowledge about the company which are helpful for the investors and analyst to analyse the market condition of the company[1]. Information content of dividend is a widely accepted theory of dividend. This theory further depict that the information is confidential and that is why it is better for the firm to announce more dividend so that investors get attracted towards the company. This theory forces over the irrelevant theory of dividend. Further, free cash flow hypothesis of dividend depict that the bigger debt level of a company disciplines the managers and the directors of the company through pushing them to make some fixed payments of the debt service and by reducing the level of the cash flow of the company. This theory forces over the irrelevant theory of dividend. This theory further depict that the investors look over the entire cash flow of the company before investing into the company[2]. Lastly, Clientele effect theory of dividend depict that the firms stock price always move and vary according to the goals and demand of the analyst and investors in context with the tax, dividend announcement and other changes into the policy. This effect assumes that particular investors are attached with a companys dividend policy and once it would be changed they will switch. So the firm must make the changes into its dividend policy accordingly[3]. And firm must pay the dividend amount on regular basis to the investor to make them motivate. Why should company chose repurchase: Potential tax advantages: If a company repurchase its stock than company becomes eligible for getting the tax advantage and this is the biggest reason due to which companies prefer to repurchase their shares. Signalling: The repurchase of the shares give a signal in the market about the position of the company and due to which more investors get attracted towards the company[4]. Managerial flexibility: Managerial flexibility is the main reason due to which company prefers to repurchase the share as the buyback manages and make the managerial activities of the company more attractive to manage entire process of the company. Increase financial leverage: If a company repurchase its stock than company the financial leverage position of the company is enhanced by a great level and this is the biggest reason due to which companies prefer to repurchase their shares[5]. Offset dilution: Buying back the shares of the company offset various issues and dilutes of the company and enhances the position of the company and this is the biggest reason due to which companies prefer to repurchase their shares. Identify the dividend change: Interim dividend change: Interim dividend change of the company is 1.40056 according to the Nov 29, 2016 and the Nov 27, 2015. Grain Corp limited Changes Interim dividend 0.05 0.0357 1.40056 Final dividend change: Final dividend change of the company is 2.00013 according to the Jun 30, 2016 and the Jun 30, 2017. Grain Corp limited Changes Final dividend 0.2143 0.107143 2.00013 Day return: The Final dividend declaration of the company has been in Jun 30, 2016 and then Jun 30, 2017. Share price of the company has been analyzed from Jun 30, 2016 to Jun 30, 2017. The day return of the company has been given in the appendix. The average return of the company is 0.000258464. Market return: The market dividend of the market has been analyzed from Jun 30, 2016 to Jun 30, 2017. The day return of the market has been given in the appendix. The average return of the market is 0.000128. Excess: Through evaluating the market return and day return of the company, it has been found that the day return of the company is more than the market return. The difference between both the returns is of 0.0001307. Analysis of others result: The result of other students has also been analyzed and it has been found that my friends result is almost similar to my result. The bit difference in company return has occurred due to different companies. The market return is same. Relevant theory: Capital market theory has been evaluated to analyze the above result. This theory depicts that the investor could analyse the market through analysing the market return and the company return of a company. All investors must be the effectual investors and the borrows the amount for investment on the risk free rate. This theory also depict that there are no transaction cost and tax are applied over the investment amount of a company. No inflation rate are exist according to the capital market theory. References: Yahoo Finance, Grain Corp limited, Retrieved from https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/GNC.AX/history?period1=1318012200period2=1507401000interval=1mofilter=historyfrequency=1mo , 2017. Denis, D.J. and Osobov, I, Why do firms pay dividends? International evidence on the determinants of dividend policy,Journal of Financial economics,89(1), pp,62-82, 2008. Nizar Al-Malkawi, H,A, Determinants of corporate dividend policy in Jordan: an application of the Tobit model,Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences,23(2), pp,44-70, 2007. Chung, D,Y,, Isakov, D, and Prignon, C, Repurchasing shares on a second trading line,Review of Finance,11(2), pp,253-285, 2007. Wiemer, J, and Diel, S, Strategies for share buybacks,Journal of Corporate Treasury Management,1(4), 2008. Al-Kuwari, D, Determinants of the Dividend Policy of Companies Listed on Emerging Stock Exchanges: The Case of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries, 2009.